An Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 6G: Types, Advantages, Challenges and Recent Applications

The world is on the cusp of a new communications revolution. The next generation of communication networks, known as 6G, will enable a wide range of new applications and services that are not possible with current 4G or 5G networks. In overview, we will review Artificial Intelligence (AI) Types, Advantages, challenges and some of the most promising applications of 6G technology. Some of the key applications that are being developed for 6G communication networks include Digital Twin (DT), Holograms, Robot Avatar, High Density (IoT), and AR & VR. The use of these applications in 6G communication networks is not a new concept, but integration to 6G will need more improvements. These applications have been around for some time now and have seen various improvements over the years. However, with the advent of 6G communication networks, the use of AR and VR is expected to see a drastic change. This paper contributes to the existing literature about the nature of 6G and applications to give more understanding and further discussion in potential and new trends

Numerical Analysis for Reinforced Concrete Beams with Circular Openings in Flexural and Shear Zones Strengthened by Steel Plates

في المباني الحديثة، من الضروري تزويدها بالفتحات في الجسور الخراسانية لاستيعاب العديد من أنابيب الخدمات والقنوات. ونظرًا لهذه الفتحات، فإنها تودى الى  التركيز الشديد في الإجهاد يحدث عند حواف الفتحات . كما تظهر الشقوق المحلية حول الفتحات مما يودى الى انخفاض  في جساءه الجسور، وقدرها  لتحمل الحمل وقدرتها لمقاومة القص. وهناك العديد من الدراسات التي أجريت لتطوير واختبار طرق مقاومة وتدعيم مختلفة للجسور التي تعترض لزيادة قدرة الحمولة القصوى. ومع ذلك، من الناحية العملية، من الأفضل استخدام طريقة تقوية واحدة لها نفس المواصفات ليتم استخدامها في كليهما؛  في مناطقتي القص والعزم للجسور التي تحتوى على الفتحات  الدائرية في المباني. على الرغم من الدراسات السابقة، لم تتناول أي دراسة هذه المسألة؛ لذلك، هناك حاجة لدراسة مثل هذه الحالة. في هذه الورقة، أجريت دراسة تحليلية لفحص سلوك الجسور الخرسانية المسلحة (RC) التي تحتوي على فتحات دائرية في منطقتي العزم والقص مقواه بصفائح صلبة. تم استخدام برنامج ABAQU (FEmodeling 3D) لمحاكاة خمس عينات مختلفة من الجسور الخراسانية المسلحة. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أنه عندما تم تدعيم الفتحات بواسطة ألواح الصلب، زادت القدرة على حمل الحمولة القصوى، ولكن تم تقليل التشوه مقارنة بالفتحات دون تدعيم، بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم التحقق من صلاحية النموذج عبر توافق جيد بين النتائج التجريبية والتحليلية.In the modern building construction, openings in beams are necessary to accommodate several service pipes and ducts. Due to these openings, high stress concentration occurs at its edges. Local cracks also appear around the openings as a result of the reduction in the beam stiffness, the load carrying capacity and the shear capacity. There are many studies which were conducted to develop and test different strengthening methods for the beams opining to increase the ultimate load capacity of the beams. However, from a practical point of view, it is better to have one strengthening method having the same specifications to be used in both; shear and flexural zones for circular opining beams in buildings. In spite of the prior studies, no study has addressed this issue; therefore, there is a need to study such a case. In this paper, an analytical study was conducted to investigate the behavior of the reinforced concrete (RC) beams with circular openings in flexural and shear zones strengthened by steel plates. A 3D FE modeling (ABAQUS 6.12) software was used to simulate five different specimens of RC beams. The study results showed that when the openings were strengthened by steel plates, the ultimate load carrying capacity increased, but the deflection was decreased when compared to the openings without strengthening. In addition, the model reliability was verified via good agreements between the experimental and numerical results

Determination of Lead in Saudi Arabian Imported Green Tea by ICP-MS

Abstract: Lead (Pb) in nine different Saudi Arabian imported green tea samples originated from China has been determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Tea infusion and microwave acid digestion procedures are used for sample pre-treatment. The concentrations range of lead (total) in the analyzed green tea samples is 0.231 -6.340 mg/kg. The total concentration of lead released 3% -19% into tea infusions with boiling water. The calculated average daily intakes of lead in tea infusions was low and within the bounds of safety (≤ 0.009 mg/day)

Validation of Protein Biomarker Candidates for Diagnosis of HBV induced HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a major contributor to the global cancer burden. It affects millions of people in Pakistan on a yearly basis. Furthermore, HCC is linked to viral infections Hepatitis B and C, which account for roughly 87 percent of HCC cases in Pakistan. HCC is identified using imaging techniques such as MRI, Ultrasound, and histology, which have radiation hazards and frequently need expensive healthcare systems that are less available in most of the developing countries. Novel HCC biomarkers are being developed as part of a large research project aimed at detecting the disease early. These include the creation of biomarkers based on HCC patients' transcriptome and proteomic profiles. Circulating proteins, which are easily detected in body fluids, including blood serum, may thus provide an opportunity for the development of HCC biomarkers. Blood-based serum biomarkers must be developed for easy, non-invasive, and early detection of HCC. In conjunction with imaging techniques, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been used to detect HCC, although it has little clinical usefulness. Also, the reported AFP negative results make its utility meager. Multiple circulating proteins have been studied as biomarker possibilities for HCC diagnosis in recent years. In this study, Blood serum was used to validate three novel protein biomarker candidates to detect HBV induced HCC that had previously been predicted using a bioinformatics methodology. Proteins named C6, C8A and C8B were measured in the serum of 22 HCC patients infected with HBV in Pakistani population and compared to AFP levels using quantitative ELISA. C8A possesses considerable biomarker potential, with 95.45 percent specificity and 77.27% sensitivity with 0.933 Area Under the Curve (AUC), whereas C6 and C8B showed poor biomarker potential. Hence, C8A demonstrated great promise as a circulating blood-based protein biomarker for HBV induced HCC diagnosis. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i03.00

The effect of development and land use change on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships under humid tropical condition: case study of Bernam watershed Malaysia

Study of the land use changes and their effects on runoff and sediment patterns for the watershed level are essential in water resource planning and management. This study provides an approach to identify the effects of land-use changes on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations in humid tropical region. For this purpose Bernam watershed located in Selangor state of Malaysia which is subjected to rapid land-use changes to residential and agriculture has been selected. The study was based on the comparison of the effect of land-use changes during two periods, 1980s and 1990s. The study objectives were to identify the change of land-use in the years of 1989 and 1998 and analyze its effects on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships. In this study, double mass curve with trend curve have been used to examine the effect of land use changes on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships. The results showed that the land-use change can be considered as main reason for increased runoff and sediment in tropical regions where the change in rainfall amount can be neglected. Land use changes altered the rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships and lead to higher slope for the trend (STC) of annual rainfall-runoff mass curve and runoff-sediment mass curve in 1990s than those in 1980s. It is implied that more runoff and sedimentation occurred in 1990s. Hence in order to reduce flood occurrence and sediment increases due to land-use changes, planners should consider tighter and straight control measures to be part of any watershed development plan in the future

Short-term behavioural responses to thermal stress by hawksbill turtles in the Arabian region

We present a previously unrecorded short-term behavioural response by hawksbill sea turtles to elevated sea surface temperatures in the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Surface waters typically exceed 30°C for sustained periods during the summer, and can be likened to a natural living laboratory for understanding thermoregulatory behaviour by marine species in the face of climate change and elevated global temperatures. We satellite-tracked 90 post-nesting hawksbill turtles between 2010 and 2013 as part of a larger programme to elucidate turtle foraging habitats and post-nesting behaviour. We used 66 of these datasets, where turtles clearly departed and returned to foraging grounds, for these analyses. Sea surface temperatures during the summer averaged 33.5°C and peaked at 34.9°C. During these elongated periods of elevated temperatures (June–August) the turtles temporarily migrated an average of 70km to deeper and cooler waters at northern latitudes, returning after 2–3months (September–October) back to original feeding grounds. Temperature differential T∆ between foraging and summer loop habitats was significantly different and approximated −2°C. Turtles undertaking summer migration loops generally moved in a north-easterly direction toward deeper water, returning in a south-westerly direction to the shallower foraging grounds. Swim speeds were significantly higher and orientation was less omnidirectional during the migrations than when foraging. The outbound migrations were significantly inversely correlated with temperature, but were not linked to chlorophyll-a, geostrophic currents or sea surface height. The turtles' preference for returning to the same foraging grounds suggests a lack of other substantial influences which might have precipitated the temporary summer migration loops. Our results indicate that Gulf hawksbills employ thermoregulatory responses which take them out of high temperature and potentially physiology-threatening conditions. These findings improve our overall understanding of hawksbill habitat use and behaviour in a climate-challenged environment, and support sea turtle conservation-related policy decision-making at national and regional levels.Emirates Wildlife Society—World Wild Fund for Nature Office. 7Days, Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council, Bridgestone, CASP, College of the North Atlantic, Qatar, Deutsche Bank, Dubai Electricity & Water Authority, Dubai Festival City, Emirates Palace, Environment & Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, Environment Agency—Abu Dhabi, Fairmont, Géant, Gulftainer, HSBC, Intercontinental, Dubai Festival City, Jebel Ali Golf Resort & Spa, Jumeirah Etihad Towers, Linklaters, Momentum Logistics, Mubadala, Murjan Marinas, Nokia, Sheikha Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation, The Club, TimeOut Dubai, and the Young Presidents Organisation

Identification of Important Sea Turtle Areas (ITAs) for hawksbill turtles in the Arabian Region

We present the first data on hawksbill turtle post-nesting migrations and behaviour in the Arabian region. Tracks from 90 post-nesting turtles (65 in the Gulf and 25 from Oman) revealed that hawksbills in the Arabian region may nest up to 6 times in a season with an average of 3 nests per turtle. Turtles from Qatar, Iran and the UAE generally migrated south and southwest to waters shared by the UAE and Qatar. A smaller number of turtles migrated northward towards Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and one reached Kuwait. Omani turtles migrated south towards Masirah island and to Quwayrah, staying close to the mainland and over the continental shelf. The widespread dispersal of hawksbill foraging grounds across the SW Gulf may limit habitat protection options available to managers, and we suggest these be linked to preservation of shallow water habitats and fishery management. In contrast, the two main foraging areas in Oman were small and could be candidates for protected area consideration. Critical migration bottlenecks were identified at the easternmost point of the Arabian Peninsula as turtles from Daymaniyat Islands migrate southward, and between Qatar and Bahrain. Overall, Gulf turtles spent 68% of the time in foraging ground with home ranges of 40–60km2 and small core areas of 6km2. Adult female turtles from Oman were significantly larger than Gulf turtles by ~11cm x¯=81.4CCL and spent 83% of their time foraging in smaller home ranges with even smaller core areas (~3km2), likely due to better habitat quality and food availability. Gulf turtles were among the smallest in the world x¯=70.3CCL and spent an average of 20% of time undertaking summer migration loops, a thermoregulatory response to avoid elevated sea surface temperatures, as the Gulf regularly experiences sustained sea surface temperatures >30°C. Fishery bycatch was determined for two of the 90 turtles. These spatio-temporal findings on habitat use will enable risk assessments for turtles in the face of multiple threats including oil and gas industries, urban and industrial development, fishery pressure, and shipping. They also improve our overall understanding of hawksbill habitat use and behaviour in the Arabian region, and will support sea turtle conservation-related policy decision-making at national and regional levels.Emirates Wildlife Society–World Wild Fund for Nature. 7Days, Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council, Bridgestone, CASP, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, Deutsche Bank, Dubai Electricity & Water Authority, Dubai Festival City, Emirates Palace, Environment & Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi, Fairmont, Géant, Gulftainer, HSBC, Intercontinental, Dubai Festival City, Jebel Ali Golf Resort & Spa, Jumeirah Etihad Towers, Linklaters, Momentum Logistics, Mubadala, Murjan Marinas, Nokia, Sheikha Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation, The Club, TimeOut Dubai, and the Young Presidents Organisation

Effect of general risk on trust, satisfaction, and recommendation intention for halal food

The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effect of general risk, a multidimensional factor, on halal customer trust, satisfaction and intention to recommend halal food. The study also calculates the mean comparison of trust, satisfaction and intention recommendation across the demographic variables of halal customers. Our results from the structural analysis revealed that general risk has significant and positive effects on trust, satisfaction, and intention to recommend halal food. In addition, the results of the mean difference test advised that satisfaction and intention to recommend halal food are significantly different between male and female customers and that trust significantly varies across halal customers with different educations and marital status backgrounds. This study added a valuable contribution to the current literature of halal food consumption by performing a set of symmetric analytical approaches to assess desired responses from halal food customers

A modified approach to improve the performance of AES using feistel structure

In encryption algorithm design, apart from the security performance, processing performance and the cost of the implementation are very important trade-off parameters. A most popular and widely adopted symmetric encryption algorithm is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It suffers from the demand for the performance efficiency. To improve its computational cost, we propose a modification of the AES technique. Having found that out of the four major operations in the AES; MixColumn is the one that takes huge amount of computing time and for which replacement with look-up table adds additional space constrain, we propose replacing the MixColumns with a Feistel Structure that exits and is the main engine of the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Empirical performance analysis on our proposed modified AES shows a significant reduction in the processing time by up to 67% on the average. The method support parallel implementation with little overhead